Vendor: USMLE
Certifications: USMLE Certifications
Exam Code: USMLE-STEP-1
Exam Name: United States Medical Licensing Step 1
Updated: May 31, 2026
Q&As: 847 ( View Details)
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Your patient reports that several days earlier he "threw his back out" when he bent from the waist and picked up a very heavy package. The pain was immediate and extended from his hip, down the back of the thigh, and into his leg and foot. As he lies on the examining table, you raise his leg by the foot keeping the knee extended and elicit intense pain over the distribution of the sciatic nerve. An MRI scan confirms your conclusion that your patient has a herniated intervertebral disk between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae. Intervertebral disks may protrude or rupture in any direction, but they most commonly protrude in which direction?
A. anteriorly
B. anterolaterally
C. laterally
D. posteriorly
E. posterolaterally
Correct Answer: E
Section: Anatomy Intervertebral disks may protrude or rupture in any direction but do so most commonly in a posterolateral direction, just lateral to the strong central portion of the posterior longitudinal ligament. This is usually the weakest part of the disk, because the annulus is thinner here and is not supported by other ligaments. Anteriorly (choice A) the intervertebral disks are supported by the broad and strong anterior ligament. Herniation is less common in this direction. Anterolaterally (choice B) the intervertebral disk is supported by the broad anterior longitudinal ligament. The nucleus pulposus is also situated posteriorly in the disk, making herniation here less likely. Herniation of the intervertebral disk laterally (choice C) is not particularly common. Posteriorly (choice D) the intervertebral disks are supported by the posterior longitudinal ligament. Herniation is less common in this direction.
A 75-year-old male presented with a 6-month history of early satiety and with upper abdominal discomfort for many years. Physical examination revealed mild epigastric tenderness. Esophago-gastroduodenoscopy showed a large, ulcerated mass in the upper stomach, which was found to be cancerous. Surgery resulting in the removal of the gastric fundus was performed. After successful surgery, the patient was advised to eat small portions and to drink small volumes because of which of the following?
A. almost complete absence of gastric motility
B. distorted emptying of liquids
C. inadequate mixing of large food boluses
D. lack of receptive relaxation in the stomach
E. weaker and slower propulsion of food toward the pylorus
Correct Answer: D
Section: Physiology The receptive relaxation reflex is a feature of the orad stomach, composed of the fundus and upper stomach body. Without food, the orad stomach shows low frequency, sustained contractions that are responsible for generating a basal pressure within the stomach. When food enters the stomach, a reflex is initiated, which allows gastric accommodation of large increases in volume with only small increases in intragastric pressure. The tonic contractions of the orad stomach also contribute to some extent to gastric emptying (choice B), since they generate a pressure gradient from the stomach to the intestine. However, neural and hormonal components play a more important role in regulating gastric emptying, which makes this not the best choice. Since the lower stomach is not affected by the surgery, characteristic motility patterns of the distal stomach remain (choice A). Features of the distal stomach include strong peristaltic waves of contractions, which cause the mixing of the chyme with digestive secretions (choice C), the grinding of the particles to a small size, and the propulsion through the gastroduodenal junction (choice E). All these motility patterns would still be a feature of the remaining stomach.
A 35-year-old male with end-stage renal disease must undergo a kidney transplant. Which of the following is true of immunologic suppression for transplantation?
A. It can occur by antilymphocyte globulin.
B. It cannot be achieved by cyclosporine administration.
C. It cannot occur by lymphoid irradiation.
D. It is facilitated by gamma interferon administration.
E. It is not likely to respond to steroid administration.
Correct Answer: A
Section: Microbiology/Immunology There are various ways by which immunologic suppression for transplanted tissue can occur. One of these ways is administration of antilymphocyte globulin. Other means used to obtain immunologic suppression for transplantation include destruction of B and T lymphocytes by irradiation (choice C). Cyclosporin is also used to achieve immunologic suppression for transplantation. It is thought to inhibit interleukin-2, which drives antigen-activated cells to proliferate (choice B). Steroid administration is an effective means to suppress the immune system (choice E). Suppression of transplanted tissue cannot be obtained by interferon administration, because interferon inhibits translation of viral mRNA (choice D).
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